--Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine the public and private uses of Cyberspace in Philadelphia and Monticello. Although very convenient and easy to use Cyberspace is not always a safe place. While millions provide and use the services of the Internet for the good it serves and the beneficial potential it promises, the Internet certainly is not immune to the treachery of a small but insidious number of people who have furnished the Internet with a dark side: privacy invasions, lawlessness, intolerance and theft. In places all over the country Cyberspace has become a breeding ground for terrorism, racism, and other forms of inhumane harassment. In cities such as Philadelphia and Monticello citizens have gone as far as suing the city itself for the harassment that was issued to them over Cyberspace. I will argue that the resolution of this crisis will require cooperation between law enforcement personnel, citizens, internet service providers, cellular service providers, and special Cyberspace crime groups; also, it will require explorations of copyright and infringement laws to further insure the rights of the law and all participating parties.
--Statement of problem
As the world steadily makes its way into the future more and more people are turning to the use of technology for the function of everyday life, and as more and people begin to rely on the internet the more powerful it becomes. In the United States an estimated 429,138,706 different people visit cyberspace in the United States on a daily basis alone, even high different branches of the government such as the military, financial affairs, and presidential affairs are all accessed and recorded through Cyberspace. With a place that has boundless possibilities and a population that is almost mind blowing, the questions who really control Cyberspace and who has the right to divvy out its powers remains unanswered. In the cities of Monticello and Philadelphia lawsuits against the cities themselves have been pulled up by local phone companies and internet providers who feel as if the cities have tried to infringe on their money making schemes by equipping the citizens with free internet. The Solution for this problem will require the higher powers at be to act accordingly and create specific guidelines and boundaries for Cyberspace. By doing this terms among Cyberspace will remain clear therefore limiting the chances for a companies to lose money through the internet.
--Theory
As the world begins to be engulfed by this Cyber phenomenon, copyright and infringement are words constantly thrown around. Worldwide.net defines infringement as an act that disregards an agreement or a right, and it defines copyright as a document granting exclusive right to publish and sell literary or musical or artistic work. Because of its massive size it is hard to put boundaries on Cyberspace. I believe although this problem growing into something bigger than any of us can imagine that it can be contained with more help from our government it will also require the exploration of cooperation and fairness.
--Analysis
In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the city of Philadelphia planned on doing something special for its citizens. As a surprise they begin to give their whole populations free Wi-Fi. Not too long before the city of Philadelphia made this decision local phone company Verizon wireless released its new internet plan equipped with high fast lightning speeds. After the release of the free Wi-Fi however, the internet plan Verizon had recently issued out began to back fie. When Verizon heard about the free Wi-Fi that was being issued out by the city they threatened to sue, insisting that the cities free wireless plan was infringing upon their internet plan. Furious about the lawsuit, the city goes behind Verizon’s back and gets EarthLink to provide the city with free Wi-Fi anyways, but after hearing this Verizon goes on to buy out EarthLink’s internet rights all together
Monticello, Minnesota also experienced the same problem. Not satisfied with current DSL and cable offerings the town of Monticello hatched an ambitious plan to wire up the entire community with fiber, build an interconnect station, and allow ISP’s to link up to the site and offer internet access over the city-maintained fiber links. After a vote on the measure passed in 2007, Monticello quickly moved to raise money and break ground, but was promptly sued by the local telephone provider, Bridgewater, a unit of TDS Telecom.
TDS had one main complaint. They argued that the project should not be financed with city bonds due to the fact that city bonds can only be used for the building of utilities. TDS charged that the project was not a utility and was instead an unfair use of government power to compete with private business.
In the end it was the state of Monticello that came out victorious. When brought to an appeals court in 2009, the court ruled that the decision was proper and that utilities certainly include internet access. From the ruling, Bridgewater concedes that the telephone and television services are utilities but steadfastly denies that internet services qualify as a utility.
Three (3) men have come up with different ideas about the way this problem could be handled. The first two (2) gentlemen, Robert Axelrod and William Hamilton, believed in the evolution of cooperation. The basic concept of this idea was that cooperation was the key to evolution and the devolvement of life. They believed that without evolution the advancement of our people would be halted. Their idea was backed with different types of strategies such as Prisoner’s dilemma and A Tit for Tat who offered different methods for solving this problem.
Cooperation is usually analyzed in game theory be means of a non zero sum game known as “Prisoner’s Dilemma”. In this idea by Axelrod, Subject “A” or subject “B” can choose between two (2) moves either “cooperate” or “defect”. The idea is if both players choose to cooperate both will gain, but if subject “A” cooperates while subject “B” defects, subject “A” will receive little while subject “B” gains more. If both defect however, both subject “A” and subject “B” will receive very little or nothing at all.
The problem with Prisoners Dilemma is that if both decision makers were purely rational, they would never cooperate, and we find this true in the situation with Minnesota and Philadelphia. In both cases since one player was willing to cooperate and the other one wasn’t, the player willing to cooperate (the cities) was able to gain, however the other player (the phone companys) received nothing at all. This situation not only furthers but proves Axelrod’s idea of evolution and cooperation.
A Tit for Tat is another basic yet effective game strategy offered by Axelrod and Hamilton. A Tit for Tat is a basic strategy where subject “A” makes a series of moves and subject “B” follows behind making a series of moves identical to those of subject “A”. By following this plan, subject “A” and “B” eventually conclude at a stalemate due to subject “B’s” neutralizing maneuvers toward subject “A”. Although it results in a stalemate where both players virtually receive the same outcome, it also can be avoided by detecting this strategy early.
This strategy also is seen working throughout this situation as well. As one player made a decision the other made a decision to not only topple the other but to also stalemate the other as well. Because the indecisiveness showed by both parties, the participation amongst the citizens began to dwindle down resulting in a lack customers for both parties.
The next gentlemen John Rawls believed in the idea of fairness and justice. Webster defines Justice as the moral principle determining just conduct, while fairness is defined as legitimate or free from dishonesty or injustices. The words similar, yet different, can be found within the definition of the other, and without these two working in cohesion then you are constantly left with unsolved problems.
With all the Cybercrime and lawsuits taking place, different programs established by the FBI and Department of Justice have been created to bring the Cyber Chaos to a halt. Psychiatrists and psychologists have also teamed up to help determined why people would resort to performing violent and other devilish acts toward innocent individuals.
In 1995, at the recommendation of what was then called the Computer Crime Unit, and is now the Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS), the Department of Justice created the Computer and Telecommunication Coordinator (CTC) Program to protect the nation's businesses and citizens from the rising tide of computer crime and intellectual property theft by designating one or more prosecutors in every U.S. Attorney's Office to be responsible for these issues. In 2001, following a successful model developed in the Northern District of California that demonstrated the benefits of a unit of prosecutors working closely with the FBI and other agencies to establish a relationship with the local high tech community and encourage them to refer cases to law enforcement, the Department expanded the program in ten cities by designating Computer Hacking and Intellectual Property (CHIP) units. These units typically involved more prosecutors than under the CTC program and were specifically charged with building relationships in-district with the FBI, other agencies, and the local high tech community. New units have been added frequently thereafter. In 2005, the CTC and CHIP programs were combined into a unified CHIP program.
Dr. Chris Ballas, world famous psychiatrist gave seven main reasons why people commit crimes over the internet. The first reason was Necessity. He explains if you are extremely poor the need to survive has no means and stealing may be the first and fastest way to achieve what it is that you needed. The second reason was Convenience followed by emotions which is the third reason. The fourth reason he mentions is ignorance of the law. He gives examples such as people downloading free music from the internet. The fifth and 6th reasons he mentioned were a mental illness and pre-disposition. And the final reason why people turn to a life of crime is their previous environment. He goes on to explain how If a child grows up believing that certain criminal activity is acceptable (drug dealing, prostitution, cheating on taxes, etc.) it can often enhance their potential for crime. Also, sometimes when people are involved in "group" crimes there are those who really didn't want to participate but only do so because they have a need for.
--Conclusion
With all of these different factors working together in harmony the crime rate in Cyberspace will eventually diminish. Due to the fact that the law will begin to monitor the rules of the internet and enforce them more properly, it is all but too easy to say that the situations that occurred in Philadelphia and Monticello will not happen again.
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
Thursday, November 5, 2009
Financial Crisis
AS THE WORLD CONTINUES TO MOVE FORWARD INTO THE FUTURE, THE U.S ECONOMY CONTINUES TO SPIRAL OUT OF CONTROL. READ THIS ESSAY AND BE INFORMED.
Abstract
While wages remain flat, the cost of basic living is increasing. In the past five (5) years the cost of in state college tuition has grown thirty-five (35) percent, health care costs have risen five times faster than wages, and personal savings rates have reached an all time low. It is all but too easy to see that the Unites States economy is in danger. The resolution of this crisis will require cooperation between members of the executive branch and legislative branch; also, it will require explorations of fairness. Even though the problems of the economy may seem insurmountable, the task of turning the economy around isn’t impossible. The purpose of this paper is to show what needs to be done to resurrect our dying economy, and I hope after reading this paper you will have a clearer understanding about the problems our economy faces.
Statement of Problem
As we make our journey further in the new millennium the United States economy, continues to show more signs of weakness. The dictionary defines economy as the management and cooperation of resources in a community, country, ECT.., it is also the prosperity or earnings of a place. This definition of the word “economy” makes the subject easier to grasp. Because of the definition above we can assume three (3) things. One (1) that a strong economy has a nice amount of resources and manages them well, two (2) that a strong economy is financially secured, and three (3) that the government cooperates with one another. For an economy to be recognized as a “strong economy” it must posses all three of these characteristics, and as time passes the U.S begins to lack these essential economic requirements. Lacking resources, the United States have driven oil prices to new heights, far beyond comparison. Being financially unstable and equipped with an uncooperative government has left America with a nine trillion (9,000,000,000,000) dollar debt, and a weak national government. The economic crisis is self evident that the United States lacks resources, money, and government to prevent another depression.
Theory
The United States government is divided into three (3) different branches, The Judicial branch, the Legislative branch, and the Executive branch. The legislative branch has the power to amend and create laws, the judicial branch has the power to interpret the law, and the Executive branch enforces the laws. In the readings of John Rawls justice is based on the ideals of fairness. Webster defines Justice as the moral principle determining just conduct, while fairness is defined as legitimate or free from dishonesty or injustices. The words similar, yet different, explain Rawls case in not only in their definitions but throughout history. Axelrod and Hamilton, on the other hand, believed that cooperation was closely tied with the theory of evolution. The main ideal of Axelrod and Hamilton was that evolution without cooperation was impossible, and that can be seen even today.
Analysis
Three (3) men have come up with different ideas about the way the economy should be handled. The first two (2) gentlemen, Robert Axelrod and William Hamilton, believed in the evolution of cooperation. The basic concept of this idea was that cooperation was the key to evolution and the devolvement of life. They believed that without evolution the advancement of our people would be haulted. Their idea was backed with different types of strategies such as Prisoner’s dilemma and A Tit for Tat which offered different methods to becoming successful.
Cooperation is usually analyzed in game theory be means of a non zero sum game known as “Prisoner’s Dilemma”. In this idea by Axelrod Subject “A” or subject “B” can choose between two (2) moves either “cooperate” or “defect”. The idea is if both players choose to cooperate both will gain, but if subject “A” cooperates while subject “B” defects, subject “A” will receive little while subject “B” gains more. If both defect however, both subject “A” and subject “B” will receive very little or nothing at all.
The problem with Prisoners Dilemma is that if both decision makers were purely rational, they would never cooperate, and we find this true in our government today. The balance of power is distributed in such a way that won’t allow one (1) branch of government to pass a law without the others consent. Because of the lack of cooperation between our branches of government, laws to improve the economy are constantly overridden. This situation not only furthers but proves Axelrod’s idea of evolution and cooperation. As we press on into the future the economy of America continues to breakdown, and the idea of no cooperation leading to the devolvement of life is now beginning to show face. It is has been proven that a weak economy virtually leads to the destruction of a country and its government, and without cooperation between the branches of government it is only a matter of time before America’s government collapses.
A Tit for Tat is another basic yet effective game strategy offered by Axelrod and Hamilton. A Tit for Tat is a basic strategy where subject “A” makes a series of moves and subject “B” follows behind making a series of moves identical to those of subject “A”. By following this plan subject “A” and “B” eventually conclude at a stalemate, due to subject “B’s” neutralizing maneuvers toward subject “A”. Although it results in a stalemate where both players virtually receive the same outcome, it also can be avoided by detecting this strategy early.
This strategy also is seen working throughout the economy. When problems arise in the economy the government often time uses the Tit for Tat strategy, which solves the short term problem, but usually neglects the serious issues further down the road. Due to the tremendous debt accumulated by the United States over time the government has often tried to solve this problem by creating more money. By doing this the government will receive their extra money, but as more money is being placed in the economy the nation as a result begins to undergo inflation, causing a problem even greater than the original one.
The next gentlemen John Rawls believed in the idea of fairness and justice. Webster defines Justice as the moral principle determining just conduct, while fairness is defined as legitimate or free from dishonesty or injustices. The words similar, yet different, can be found within the definition of the other. Rawls believed that without fairness you had no justice and without justice you are left with a weak government.
Views from both parties can be used to solve problems in the economy today. As Rawls said justice is based on the ideals of fairness, and to solve the problems of the economy they must be just in all their dealings which will make the economy fair for everyone. Axelrod and Hamilton’s theory would tremendously help the economy. The idea of cooperation is one that has been proven throughout time. If the government would come together on an issue and play their own individual role to help out for the greater good, the economy would recover quickly.
Conclusion
So in conclusion, the economy of America is in critical condition, but can be changed with a little time and thoughtful planning. The economy in the government will come together only if cooperation and fairness is involved in the different branches of government. As we head into the new millennium we can survive only if the economy stays intact, and that will happen only through cooperation and fairness.
Abstract
While wages remain flat, the cost of basic living is increasing. In the past five (5) years the cost of in state college tuition has grown thirty-five (35) percent, health care costs have risen five times faster than wages, and personal savings rates have reached an all time low. It is all but too easy to see that the Unites States economy is in danger. The resolution of this crisis will require cooperation between members of the executive branch and legislative branch; also, it will require explorations of fairness. Even though the problems of the economy may seem insurmountable, the task of turning the economy around isn’t impossible. The purpose of this paper is to show what needs to be done to resurrect our dying economy, and I hope after reading this paper you will have a clearer understanding about the problems our economy faces.
Statement of Problem
As we make our journey further in the new millennium the United States economy, continues to show more signs of weakness. The dictionary defines economy as the management and cooperation of resources in a community, country, ECT.., it is also the prosperity or earnings of a place. This definition of the word “economy” makes the subject easier to grasp. Because of the definition above we can assume three (3) things. One (1) that a strong economy has a nice amount of resources and manages them well, two (2) that a strong economy is financially secured, and three (3) that the government cooperates with one another. For an economy to be recognized as a “strong economy” it must posses all three of these characteristics, and as time passes the U.S begins to lack these essential economic requirements. Lacking resources, the United States have driven oil prices to new heights, far beyond comparison. Being financially unstable and equipped with an uncooperative government has left America with a nine trillion (9,000,000,000,000) dollar debt, and a weak national government. The economic crisis is self evident that the United States lacks resources, money, and government to prevent another depression.
Theory
The United States government is divided into three (3) different branches, The Judicial branch, the Legislative branch, and the Executive branch. The legislative branch has the power to amend and create laws, the judicial branch has the power to interpret the law, and the Executive branch enforces the laws. In the readings of John Rawls justice is based on the ideals of fairness. Webster defines Justice as the moral principle determining just conduct, while fairness is defined as legitimate or free from dishonesty or injustices. The words similar, yet different, explain Rawls case in not only in their definitions but throughout history. Axelrod and Hamilton, on the other hand, believed that cooperation was closely tied with the theory of evolution. The main ideal of Axelrod and Hamilton was that evolution without cooperation was impossible, and that can be seen even today.
Analysis
Three (3) men have come up with different ideas about the way the economy should be handled. The first two (2) gentlemen, Robert Axelrod and William Hamilton, believed in the evolution of cooperation. The basic concept of this idea was that cooperation was the key to evolution and the devolvement of life. They believed that without evolution the advancement of our people would be haulted. Their idea was backed with different types of strategies such as Prisoner’s dilemma and A Tit for Tat which offered different methods to becoming successful.
Cooperation is usually analyzed in game theory be means of a non zero sum game known as “Prisoner’s Dilemma”. In this idea by Axelrod Subject “A” or subject “B” can choose between two (2) moves either “cooperate” or “defect”. The idea is if both players choose to cooperate both will gain, but if subject “A” cooperates while subject “B” defects, subject “A” will receive little while subject “B” gains more. If both defect however, both subject “A” and subject “B” will receive very little or nothing at all.
The problem with Prisoners Dilemma is that if both decision makers were purely rational, they would never cooperate, and we find this true in our government today. The balance of power is distributed in such a way that won’t allow one (1) branch of government to pass a law without the others consent. Because of the lack of cooperation between our branches of government, laws to improve the economy are constantly overridden. This situation not only furthers but proves Axelrod’s idea of evolution and cooperation. As we press on into the future the economy of America continues to breakdown, and the idea of no cooperation leading to the devolvement of life is now beginning to show face. It is has been proven that a weak economy virtually leads to the destruction of a country and its government, and without cooperation between the branches of government it is only a matter of time before America’s government collapses.
A Tit for Tat is another basic yet effective game strategy offered by Axelrod and Hamilton. A Tit for Tat is a basic strategy where subject “A” makes a series of moves and subject “B” follows behind making a series of moves identical to those of subject “A”. By following this plan subject “A” and “B” eventually conclude at a stalemate, due to subject “B’s” neutralizing maneuvers toward subject “A”. Although it results in a stalemate where both players virtually receive the same outcome, it also can be avoided by detecting this strategy early.
This strategy also is seen working throughout the economy. When problems arise in the economy the government often time uses the Tit for Tat strategy, which solves the short term problem, but usually neglects the serious issues further down the road. Due to the tremendous debt accumulated by the United States over time the government has often tried to solve this problem by creating more money. By doing this the government will receive their extra money, but as more money is being placed in the economy the nation as a result begins to undergo inflation, causing a problem even greater than the original one.
The next gentlemen John Rawls believed in the idea of fairness and justice. Webster defines Justice as the moral principle determining just conduct, while fairness is defined as legitimate or free from dishonesty or injustices. The words similar, yet different, can be found within the definition of the other. Rawls believed that without fairness you had no justice and without justice you are left with a weak government.
Views from both parties can be used to solve problems in the economy today. As Rawls said justice is based on the ideals of fairness, and to solve the problems of the economy they must be just in all their dealings which will make the economy fair for everyone. Axelrod and Hamilton’s theory would tremendously help the economy. The idea of cooperation is one that has been proven throughout time. If the government would come together on an issue and play their own individual role to help out for the greater good, the economy would recover quickly.
Conclusion
So in conclusion, the economy of America is in critical condition, but can be changed with a little time and thoughtful planning. The economy in the government will come together only if cooperation and fairness is involved in the different branches of government. As we head into the new millennium we can survive only if the economy stays intact, and that will happen only through cooperation and fairness.
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